: Inventions like the steam engine, railroads, and the telegraph turned sleepy villages into massive factory cities.
: A new class of workers (the proletariat) emerged, leading to the birth of labor movements and new ideologies like Marxism (the Communist Manifesto was published in 1848). 3. The "Spring of Nations" and Unification (1848–1871) vsemirnaia istoriia novorgo vremeni reshebnik 9 klassa
: After the chaos of the revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power, spreading the Napoleonic Code across Europe. Though he was eventually defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), the ideas of civil equality and nationalism could not be erased. : Inventions like the steam engine, railroads, and
: A wave of uprisings known as the "Spring of Nations" swept across Europe as people demanded democratic reforms and national independence. The "Spring of Nations" and Unification (1848–1871) :
By the late 19th century, industrialized powers like Britain, France, and the newly unified Germany raced to conquer territories in Africa and Asia to secure raw materials and markets.
: European monarchs met in 1815 to restore old borders, but the "genie" of revolution was already out of the bottle. 2. The Industrial Revolution: Steam and Iron (1800s)
The middle of the century is defined by the , which began in Great Britain and spread globally.