Rabies, Listeriosis ("Circling disease"), and Prion diseases (Scrapie/BSE). 4. Laboratory Diagnosis

Differentiating between modified-live, killed, and recombinant vaccines to build herd or individual immunity. 6. One Health & Zoonoses

Understanding the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, acid-fast organisms (like Mycobacterium ), and wall-less bacteria ( Mycoplasma ).

Salmonella , Escherichia coli (ETEC/EHEC), Parvovirus (Canine/Feline), and Clostridium perfringens .

The interplay between the innate immune system (inflammation, phagocytes) and adaptive immunity (antibodies, T-cells). 3. Key Veterinary Pathogens by System