: The first stage where target metals are dissolved into a liquid solution using chemical solvents (lixiviants).
: Employs specialized resins to adsorb specific ions from the solution. Hydrometallurgy: Principles and Applications
: The final stage where the metal is returned to a solid, purified form. : The first stage where target metals are
: Critical for recovering copper, gold, nickel, and uranium from low-grade ores. Hydrometallurgy: Principles and Applications
: Dissolved metals are separated from impurities.
