: Authorities often withheld food and water supplies, leading to rampant starvation and outbreaks of infectious diseases like typhus.
Ghettos were designed as temporary, closed quarters to isolate, control, and segregate Jewish populations. Conditions were characterized by extreme deprivation: Ghetto Prisoners
: Intellectuals and artists engaged in "spiritual resistance." In the Vilna ghetto, the "Paper Brigade" risked their lives to smuggle and hide precious Jewish manuscripts and books from Nazi destruction. : Authorities often withheld food and water supplies,
: The lack of healthcare and sanitation resulted in massive death tolls; for instance, nearly one in four prisoners in Theresienstadt died within the ghetto itself. 2. Social Structures and Internal Dynamics closed quarters to isolate