: Measures how close the predicted probabilities are to the actual true frequencies. If you predict a 70% chance of rain, it should actually rain 70% of the time.

: These glands secrete aromatic oils that release a sharp, sweet apple-like fragrance when the leaves are brushed, crushed, or even just dampened by rain.

: Measures how much the predictions differ from the overall base rate. A model that always predicts the average (e.g., 0.5) has no resolution.

: The undersides of the leaves and the flower stalks (pedicels) are densely covered in tiny, sticky glandular hairs .

The most distinctive "deep" feature of the ( Rosa rubiginosa ) is its scented foliage , which sets it apart from almost all other wild roses.