If the text was incorrectly converted and saved as "replacement characters" (like ``), the original data may be permanently lost. How to Fix or Recover the Text Decoding Garbled Text: A Guide To Fixing Character Encoding
Incorrect Encoding Declaration: Websites and documents often declare the character encoding they use in their headers or metadata. ftp.bills.com.au Fixing incorrectly ISO-8859-1 decoded UTF-8 string in Java
A mismatch between the source encoding and the destination reader. A common scenario is a web server or database sending UTF-8 data while the client expects Latin-1.
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